N2O network

The National Agricultural Nitrous Oxide Research Program (NANORP) was a national research network of 23 projects under an agreed collaborative program that has developed and delivered effective and practical strategies for reducing nitrous oxide emissions while maintaining crop and pasture productivity.

Automated greenhouse gas sampling systems with in situ gas analysis were deployed at 15 sites

The NANORP was principally funded by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (now Agriculture and Water Resources) with a AUD20M investment over 4 years (2012-2016) and was preceded by the Nitrous Oxide Research Program (2009-2012). An additional AUD30M was provided through industry, state, university and CSIRO investments.

The NANORP was managed by the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC). The program coordination and scientific leadership of NANORP was provided by the Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT).

The first phase of NANORP (2012-2015) collected 234 complete datasets from 50 studies to develop effective nitrogen management strategies to increase agricultural productivity and reduce N2O emissions and associated losses.

The network is a member of Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development (CIARD) – an initiative to make agricultural research information more publicly available and accessible. The network supports the CIARD manifesto and complies with its checklist for disseminating agricultural research data.

NANORP Group

NANORP and NSCP Combined Researchers and Investors Advisory Group Meeting, Canberra 2015

For growers

Greenhouse gas emissions and farming practices

Nitrous oxide (N2O) gas is emitted naturally from the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification in the soil. The use of nitrogenous fertilisers, and the return of animal dung and urine, in agricultural activities increases the soil content in mineral nitrogen. In turn, this increases the rate at which bacteria release N2O. The figure below summarises the soil nitrogen cycle.

How N2O is emitted in the atmosphere

Along with carbon dioxide and methane, N2O is a powerful greenhouse gas (GHG). Increased worldwide GHG emissions due to human activity can intensify the greenhouse effect which leads to climate change. In Australia, agriculture is the dominant human source of the greenhouse gases N2O and methane1. The table below shows the main on-farm sources of GHGs.

{insert table here}

Increased N2O emissions have harmful long-term effects in the lower and upper atmosphere. Unusually high levels of N2O emissions also indicate fertiliser overuse and lead to ecological damage from the leaching of nitrates into groundwater or by entering the water systems of other ecological systems as runoff.

Reducing on-farm N2O emissions

Farmers can adopt a range of N2O management techniques to reduce emissions from agricultural soils. For example, by changing the timing, type and amount of nitrogenous fertiliser applied to the soil; using nitrification inhibitors and cover crops; adopting sustainable tillage systems; and improving irrigation practices and good manure and soil management. These management practices might be the basis for a future national strategy to reduce GHG emissions from agricultural soils.

N2O research can help by identifying optimal fertiliser application regimes; ones that will maximise yields whilst minimising emissions. By applying nitrogenous fertilisers more efficiently, farming can also become less resource-intensive and lower its costs through the reduced use of fertiliser. This also improves the ecological footprint of farming activities by reducing gas emissions and minimising the harmful effects of nitrogenous fertilisers.

N2O research and the N2O Network

Further research is still needed to determine how to best reduce N2O emissions. The complex interactions between all three major GHGs as well as the soil properties unique to each crop need to be taken into account when studying N2O emissions.

Emissions research has traditionally mainly focussed on carbon dioxide and research data on N2O soil emissions from Australian soils is still limited. The N2O Network is the first effort to bring together researchers who measure and model N2O emissions for dryland and irrigated farming (particularly grains, cotton, sugarcane and dairy) from sites around Australia.

The N2O Network will provide the latest available scientific knowledge on reducing N2O soil emissions in the form of tools and advice to farmers, consulting agronomists, extension officers and policy makers. The N2O Network will also help researchers standardise their datasets and collection methods to produce more powerful simulations of emissions for various land-use types and climatic conditions.

A central database of N2O research will be made available by the network to the wider GHG research community for further analysis and interpretation.

Fertcare

Understanding nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture and principles for mitigation

This document presents the current state of knowledge relating to the processes responsible for nitrous oxide production and emission from agricultural soils. That knowledge is then used to develop some general principles that should be considered in managing specific agricultural production systems. The aim has been to produce a technical resource for farmers and service providers, especially those in the fertiliser industry, who provide advice and guidance to farmer managers.

For Researchers

Rationale for an N2O research data repository

By collating a large diverse set of data in one place, the portal will ensure the best solutions can be provided for reducing N2O emissions whilst sustaining the productivity of farming systems.

Access to a larger data pool will also raise the prospect of calibrating and validating models that rely on the synthesis of greenhouse gas emissions data.

The standardised methods implemented by the network are essential to making evidence-based policy on climate change mitigation more robust.

The repository plays a significant role in ensuring the science behind agricultural N2O soil emissions in Australia more robust, as well as more open to scrutiny and use by the international community.

The N2O emissions data repository

One objective of the N2O Network is to create a data portal that aggregates N2O (and other non-CO2 gases) and makes it available to the wider climate change community.

The repository creates a conduit to share and access research data from the various N2O sites in the network. The repository will serve all the data using standard data formats and data sharing protocols.

The flow of research data in the N2O Network

Datasets stored in the repository contains detailed descriptions of relevant data the collection methods. Research data will be readily available for download in a standard file format and in compliance with a data protocol.

A set of terms and conditions governs how research data can be used and shared. An authentication system limits data access to accredited users only. By agreeing to the terms and conditions, these accredited users gain the authority to immediately access the data.

Community-driven standards and protocols

The IT platform underlying the data portal is KNB Metacat. Metacat is a community-driven data repository that was specifically developed to store ecological research data. It has a built-in web interface to search and download ecological data. Metacat has been successfully deployed at a number of ecological research sites around the world.

Data stored in Metacat will comply with an N2O data protocol that is largely based on those of ICASA (International Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications) standards. The protocol specifies data collection methods, the parameters required for each dataset and what additional descriptions (metadata) are expected.

Ecologists interact with Metacat by using Morpho. Morpho is a software assistant to add critical metadata to research data collection and annotate datasets. It also helps track new versions of the data and to upload the latest version of the datasets to the repository.

N2O Metadata Standard

The N2O Metadata Standard has been developed by network researchers as a guide to preparing data for upload to the N2O repository. It is available in N2O data protocol.

For Policy Makers

Why focus on N2O from agriculture?

N2O is a powerful GHG. It is 296 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) and stays in the atmosphere for up to 114 years. As the residual amounts of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting gases disappear in the stratosphere, N2O is increasingly becoming the main contributor to thinning stratospheric ozone. This ozone helps protects Earth from harmful UV radiation. In the lower atmosphere, N2O is a precursor to tropospheric ozone which is both a pollutant and yet another GHG.

So, even though far less N2O is emitted than CO2, its potency and longevity makes it an important agent in climate change. Yet, to date, research and policy has primarily focussed on CO2emissions, with attention to N2O emissions lagging behind. Soil scientists and farm advisors are calling for short-term management plans to control N2O emissions and long-term policies to reduce emissions.

The Garnaut Climate Change Review recommends committing resources to overcome gaps in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions data so that they will be available to greenhouse gases (GHG) accounting and potentially for use in an emissions trading scheme. In Australia, the agricultural sector contributes 16.3% of Australia‘s total GHG emissions. This percentage is significantly high compared to many other developed nations; for example, agriculture both in the US and UK only contributes about 7% of total GHG emissions. This suggests that, in Australia,agriculture has a greater role to play in reducing GHG emissions.

Mitigating N2O represents a real and significant opportunity to reduce the greenhouse effect from anthropogenic emissions from agriculture. In 2007, Australian N2O emissions from agricultural soils were estimated at 20.2 million tonnes of “carbon dioxide equivalent” or 85.9% of all anthropogenic N2O emissions. Between 1990 and 2007, N2O emissions in Australia rose by 24%1 and this increase is largely attributable to the increased application of nitrogenous fertilisers.

An evidence-based, long-term policy on GHG emissions will address the long-term sustainability of agriculture in Australia, while improving land management practices. This can significantly reduce on-farm N2O emissions in the short term and lead to positive flow-on effects such as improving farming productivity and profitability.

Better access to research data and analysis of N2O emissions from Australian soils is a necessary first step for a comprehensive evidence-based national policy on gas emissions. Likewise, this access to research data will help the Australian farming community devise better land-use management.

The diagram below outlines the basic processes by which the Network‘s initial field measurements and observations are transformed into meaningful simulations and projections for policy makers implementing action for environmental change.

How N2O emissions science informs policy and action

Contributing to evidence-based policy

The N2O Network is the first national effort to bring together N2O emissions research data for agricultural soils from around Australia. Funding the N2O Network reflects the commitment of the Grains Research Development Corporation to investigate the effects of climate change-causing (GHGs) on Australia and how they can be best managed.

The network encompasses a number of research programs that collect N2O soil emissions data and analyse how local conditions contribute to the increase in emissions from farming practices. The N2O Network brings these programs together to create a comprehensive picture of N2O emissions across Australia. For the first time, emissions data from a range of climatic conditions, farming methods and crops are made available and accessible to researchers from a single source.

Meaningful Impact

New research resulting from data collected by the N2O Network will provide advice, trends and projections on N2O emissions that will:

  • enable better policymaking for decreasing on-farm GHG emissions by quantifying agricultural gas emissions and how to manage them
  • contribute to the National Carbon Accounting System – Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency – by estimating GHG emissions from managed land systems
  • contribute to Australia‘s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory2
  • reinforce the role of farmers as front-line participants in action to mitigate GHG emissions and climate change.

Footnotes

1,2 based on NGGI data from Office of Climate Change ageis.climatechange.gov.au1 accessed 17.5.2010, 2 accessed 4.6.2010

Other resources

Presentations

Phase 1 of the National Agricultural Nitrous Oxide Research Program (NANORP) was completed in 2015.

Summary outcomes Phase 1

Fact sheets

Industry factsheets

Significant reductions in N2O emissions from agriculture can only be achieved through education of key concepts and on-the-ground implementation of key strategies. The dissemination and extension of information to industry has been facilitated through the development of industry specific factsheets. These factsheets provide growers and agronomists the best available information for reducing N2O emissions through the sustainable management of their crops and pastures.

Fertcare factsheets

Fertcare is a joint program between Fertilizer Australia and the Australian fertilizer Services Association. Its role is to improve the skills and knowledge of anyone involved in the supply of fertilizer and soil ameliorant products. It ensures that high quality advice is passed on to farmers, allowing them to optimise productivity while minimising environment and food safety risks. Factsheets for reducing N2O emissions from a variety of agricultural industries have also been developed in consultation with Fertcare.

Publications

Conference Papers

Mielenz, Henrike, Thorburn, Peter, Scheer, Clemens, Bell, Michael, Grace, Peter, Acuna, T, Moeller, C, Parsons, D, Harrison, M (2015) N2O mitigation opportunities in subtropical cereal and fibre cropping systems – a modelling approach Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes: Proceedings of the 17th Australian Agronomy Conference, pp.1-4. [eprints.qut.edu.au/101071/]
Bell, Michael, Lester, David, De Antoni Migliorati, MaxRowlings, DavidGrace, Peter, Acuna, T, Moeller, C, Parsons, D, Harrison, M (2015) Nitrogen use efficiency in summer sorghum grown on clay soils Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes: Proceedings of the 17th Australian Agronomy Conference, pp.1-4. [eprints.qut.edu.au/97750/]
Scheer, Clemens, Deuter, Peter, Firrell, Mary, Rowlings, DavidGrace, Peter (2015) Effect of nitrification inhibitors (DMPP and 3MP+ TZ) on soil nitrous oxide emissions from a sub-tropical vegetable production system in Queensland, Australia European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2015[eprints.qut.edu.au/86437/]
Nguyen, Dai Huong, Biala, Johannes, Grace, PeterScheer, ClemensRowlings, David, Bruce, R C (2013) Effects of rice husk biochar and sugar-mill by-products on methane consumption from two different soils Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp.1-8. [eprints.qut.edu.au/58496/]
Young, Joseph A.Roe, PaulGraham, Philip W.Grace, Peter, Zhang, Danqing, De Vine, LanceJames, AllanCottman-Fields, Mark, Fraser, Colin, Sun, Yi, et al. (2011) Extensible software for research data capture eResearch Australasia 2011 : eXtreme eResearch[eprints.qut.edu.au/48758/]
Grace, Peter, Barton, Louise, Chen, Deli, Eckard, Richard, Graham, John, Hely, Sara, Kelly, Kevin, Officer, Sally, Rochester, Ian, Rowlings, David, et al. (2010) The Australian nitrous oxide research program Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, pp.247-248. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37553/]
Lin, ChaofengLarsen, EloiseGrace, PeterSmith, James, Gilkes, R J, Prakongkep, N (2010) Bioavailability of soil organic carbon and Fe as influenced by forestry practices in a subtropical coastal catchment Soil Solutions for a Changing World: proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, pp.27-30. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37653/]
Scheer, ClemensGrace, PeterRowlings, David, Kimber, Stephen, Van Zwieten, Lukas, Gilkes, R J, Prakongkep, N (2010) Greenhouse gas emissions from intensive pasture on ferrosol in Northern NSW, Australia: Impact of biochar amendment Soil Solutions for a Changing World: proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, pp.96-98. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37656/]
Millar, Neville, Robertson, G, Grace, Peter, Gehl, Ron, Hoben, John, Gilkes, R J, Prakongkep, N (2010) Nitrogen fertilizer rate management as a nitrous oxide mitigation strategy: Development of a nitrous oxide emission reduction protocol (NERP) Soil Solutions for a Changing World: proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, pp.172-175. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37652/]
Grace, PeterRowlings, David, Rochester, Ian, Kiese, Ralf, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Gilkes, R J, Prakongkep, N (2010) Nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated cotton soils of northern Australia Soil Solutions for a Changing World: proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, pp.179-182. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37658/]
Rowlings, DavidGrace, Peter, Kiese, Ralf, Scheer, Clemens, Gilkes, R J, Prakongkep, N (2010) Quantifying N2O and CO2 emissions from subtropical pasture Soil Solutions for a Changing World: proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, pp.199-201. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37655/]
Galbally, I, Meyer, M, Bently, S, Weeks, I, Leuning, R, Kelly, Kevin, Phillips, F, Barker-Reid, F, Gates, W, Baigent, R, et al. (2005) A study of environmental and management drivers of non-co2 greenhouse gas emissions in Australian agro-ecosystems Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Science, Control, Policy and Implementation: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases, pp.47-55. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37654/]
Grace, Peter, Jain, Mahesh, Harrington, Larry (2002) Global Environmental Impacts from Conservation Agriculture Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conservation Agriculture for Food Security and Environment protection in Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems, pp.-. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37571/]

Reports

Wimmer, JasonTowsey, Michael W.Roe, PaulGrace, PeterWilliamson, Ian (2012) Sampling environmental acoustic recordings to determine species richness : I [eprints.qut.edu.au/53967/]
Reeves, Jim, Foelz, Colleen, Grace, PeterBest, Peter, Marcussen, Torben, Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Stone, Roger, Loughnan, Margaret, McEvoy, Darren, Ahmed, Ifte, et al. (2010) Impacts and adaptation response of infrastructure and communities to heatwaves : the southern Australian experience of 2009 [eprints.qut.edu.au/39193/]

Book Chapters

Henry, BeverleyConant, Richard, Carter, John, Droulez, Veronique, Grace, Peter, Millar, J, Higgins, V, Farmar-Bowers, Q (2013) Increasing Food Production Sustainably in a Changing Climate : Understanding the Pressures and Potential Food Security in Australia: Challenges and Prospects for the Future, pp.187-204. [eprints.qut.edu.au/59305/]
Porter, J, Jamieson, P, Grace, Peter, Pitaki, D, Pitelka, L, Canadell, J (2006) Wheat Production Systems And Global Climate Change Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World, pp.195-209. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37657/]

Journal Articles

Takeda, NaoyaFriedl, JohannesRowlings, DavidRosa, Daniele DeScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter (2021) No sugar yield gains but larger fertiliser 15N loss with increasing N rates in an intensive sugarcane system Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 121 (1), pp.99-113. [eprints.qut.edu.au/212747/]
Manca, FabioDe Rosa, DanieleReading, Lucy P.Rowlings, David W.Scheer, Clemens, Schipper, Louis A., Grace, Peter R. (2021) Effect of soil cap and nitrate inflow on nitrous oxide emissions from woodchip bioreactors Ecological Engineering, 166, pp.Article number: 106235. [eprints.qut.edu.au/210152/]
De Rosa, Daniele, Biala, Johannes, Nguyen, Trung H.Mitchell, ElaineFriedl, JohannesScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter R.Rowlings, David W. (2021) Environmental and economic trade-offs of using composted or stockpiled manure as partial substitute for synthetic fertilizer Journal of Environmental Quality[eprints.qut.edu.au/212308/]
Takeda, NaoyaFriedl, JohannesRowlings, DavidDe Rosa, DanieleScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter (2021) Exponential response of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to increasing nitrogen fertiliser rates in a tropical sugarcane cropping system Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 313, pp.Article number: 107376. [eprints.qut.edu.au/208911/]
Bilotto, Franco, Harrison, Matthew Tom, Migliorati, Massimiliano De Antoni, Christie, Karen M., Rowlings, David W.Grace, Peter R., Smith, Andrew P., Rawnsley, Richard P., Thorburn, Peter J., Eckard, Richard J. (2021) Can seasonal soil N mineralisation trends be leveraged to enhance pasture growth? Science of the Total Environment, 772, pp.Article number: 145031. [eprints.qut.edu.au/210546/]
Friedl, JohannesScheer, ClemensRosa, Daniele De, Müller, Christoph, Grace, PeterRowlings, David W. (2021) Sources of nitrous oxide from intensively managed pasture soils: the hole in the pipe Environmental Research Letters, 16 (6), pp.Article number: 065004. [eprints.qut.edu.au/210233/]
De Rosa, DanieleBasso, Bruno, Fasiolo, Matteo, Friedl, Johannes, Fulkerson, Bill, Grace, Peter R.Rowlings, David W. (2021) Predicting pasture biomass using a statistical model and machine learning algorithm implemented with remotely sensed imagery Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 180, pp.Article number: 105880. [eprints.qut.edu.au/206883/]
De Rosa, Daniele, Biala, Johannes, Nguyen, Trung H.Mitchell, ElaineFriedl, JohannesScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter R.Rowlings, David W. (2021) Environmental and economic trade-offs of using composted or stockpiled manure as partial substitute for synthetic fertilizer Journal of Environmental Quality[eprints.qut.edu.au/212308/]
Takeda, NaoyaFriedl, JohannesRowlings, DavidRosa, Daniele DeScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter (2021) No sugar yield gains but larger fertiliser 15N loss with increasing N rates in an intensive sugarcane system Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 121 (1), pp.99-113. [eprints.qut.edu.au/212747/]
Manca, FabioDe Rosa, DanieleReading, Lucy P.Rowlings, David W.Scheer, Clemens, Schipper, Louis A., Grace, Peter R. (2021) Effect of soil cap and nitrate inflow on nitrous oxide emissions from woodchip bioreactors Ecological Engineering, 166, pp.Article number: 106235. [eprints.qut.edu.au/210152/]
De Rosa, Daniele, Biala, Johannes, Nguyen, Trung H.Mitchell, ElaineFriedl, JohannesScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter R.Rowlings, David W. (2021) Environmental and economic trade-offs of using composted or stockpiled manure as partial substitute for synthetic fertilizer Journal of Environmental Quality[eprints.qut.edu.au/212308/]
Takeda, NaoyaFriedl, JohannesRowlings, DavidDe Rosa, DanieleScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter (2021) Exponential response of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to increasing nitrogen fertiliser rates in a tropical sugarcane cropping system Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 313, pp.Article number: 107376. [eprints.qut.edu.au/208911/]
Friedl, JohannesScheer, ClemensRosa, Daniele De, Müller, Christoph, Grace, PeterRowlings, David W. (2021) Sources of nitrous oxide from intensively managed pasture soils: the hole in the pipe Environmental Research Letters, 16 (6), pp.Article number: 065004. [eprints.qut.edu.au/210233/]
De Rosa, DanieleBasso, Bruno, Fasiolo, Matteo, Friedl, Johannes, Fulkerson, Bill, Grace, Peter R.Rowlings, David W. (2021) Predicting pasture biomass using a statistical model and machine learning algorithm implemented with remotely sensed imagery Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 180, pp.Article number: 105880. [eprints.qut.edu.au/206883/]
Hube, Sara, Alfaro, Marta, Scheer, ClemensBrunk, Christian, Ramirez, Luis, Rowlings, DavidGrace, Peter (2017) Effect of nitrification and urease inhibitors on nitrous oxide and methane emissions from an oat crop in a volcanic ash soil Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 238, pp.46-54. [eprints.qut.edu.au/98687/]
Friedl, JohannesScheer, ClemensRowlings, DavidMumford, MajellaGrace, Peter (2017) The nitrification inhibitor DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) reduces N2 emissions from intensively managed pastures in subtropical Australia Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 108, pp.55-64. [eprints.qut.edu.au/108680/]
Scheer, ClemensRowlings, David, Firrell, Mary, Deuter, Peter, Morris, Stephen, Riches, David, Porter, Ian, Grace, Peter (2017) Nitrification inhibitors can increase post-harvest nitrous oxide emissions in an intensive vegetable production system Scientific Reports, 7, pp.Article number: 43677 1-9. [eprints.qut.edu.au/108678/]
Mielenz, Henrike, Thorburn, Peter, Scheer, ClemensDe Antoni Migliorati, MaxGrace, Peter, Bell, Mike (2016) Opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions in subtropical cereal and fiber cropping systems: A simulation study Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 218, pp.11-27. [eprints.qut.edu.au/97756/]
Scheer, ClemensGrace, PeterRowlings, David (2016) Non-linear response of soil N2O emissions to nitrogen fertiliser in a cotton-fallow rotation in sub-tropical Australia Soil Research, 54 (5), pp.494-499. [eprints.qut.edu.au/93890/]
Mitchell, Elaine Christine GreigScheer, ClemensRowlings, DavidConant, Richard, Cotrufo, M. Francesca, Van Delden, Lona Petra RikeGrace, Peter (2016) The influence of above-ground residue input and incorporation on GHG fluxes and stable SOM formation in a sandy soil Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 101, pp.104-113. [eprints.qut.edu.au/98681/]
Scheer, Clemens, Meier, Rudolf, Bruggemann, Nicolas, Grace, Peter, Dannenmann, Michael (2016) An improved 15N tracer approach to study denitrification and nitrogen turnover in soil incubations Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 30 (18), pp.2017-2026. [eprints.qut.edu.au/98684/]
De Antoni Migliorati, Max, Bell, Mike, Lester, David, Rowlings, DavidScheer, ClemensDe Rosa, DanieleGrace, Peter (2016) Comparison of grain yields and N2O emissions on Oxisol and Vertisol soils in response to fertiliser N applied as urea or urea coated with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate Soil Research, 54 (5), pp.552-564. [eprints.qut.edu.au/97752/]
Van Delden, Lona Petra RikeLarsen, EloiseRowlings, DavidScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter (2016) Establishing turf grass increases soil greenhouse gas emissions in peri-urban environments Urban Ecosystems, 19 (2), pp.749-762. [eprints.qut.edu.au/93051/]
Rowlings, DavidScheer, ClemensLiu, ShenGrace, Peter (2016) Annual nitrogen dynamics and urea fertilizer recoveries from a dairy pasture using 15N; effect of nitrification inhibitor DMPP and reduced application rates Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 216, pp.216-225. [eprints.qut.edu.au/93887/]
Friedl, JohannesScheer, ClemensRowlings, DavidMcintosh, HeatherStrazzabosco, AliceWarner, DanielGrace, Peter (2016) Denitrification losses from an intensively managed sub-tropical pasture: Impact of soil moisture on the partitioning of N2 and N2O emissions Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 92, pp.58-66. [eprints.qut.edu.au/93886/]
Lester, David, Bell, Mike, Bell, Kerry, De Antoni Migliorati, MaxScheer, ClemensRowlings, DavidGrace, Peter (2016) Agronomic responses of grain sorghum to DMPP-treated urea on contrasting soil types in north-eastern Australia Soil Research, 54 (5), pp.565-571. [eprints.qut.edu.au/97755/]
Scheer, ClemensRowlings, DavidDe Antoni Migliorati, Max, Lester, David, Bell, Mike, Grace, Peter (2016) Effect of enhanced efficiency fertilisers on nitrous oxide emissions in a sub-tropical cereal cropping system Soil Research, 54 (5), pp.544-551. [eprints.qut.edu.au/98692/]
De Rosa, DanieleRowlings, DavidBiala, JohannesScheer, Clemens, Basso, Bruno, McGree, JamesGrace, Peter (2016) Effect of organic and mineral N fertilizers on N2O emissions from an intensive vegetable rotation Biology and Fertility of Soils, 52 (6), pp.895-908. [eprints.qut.edu.au/108662/]
Grace, PeterShcherbak, Iurii, Macdonald, Ben, Scheer, ClemensRowlings, David (2016) Emission factors for estimating fertiliser-induced nitrous oxide emissions from clay soils in Australia’s irrigated cotton industry Soil Research, 54 (5), pp.598-603. [eprints.qut.edu.au/98689/]
Liebig, Mark, Franzluebbers, Alan, Alvarez, C., Chiesa, T., Lewczuk, N., Pineiro, G., Posse, G., Yahdjian, Laura, Grace, Peter, Machado Rodrigues Cabral, Osvaldo, et al. (2016) MAGGnet: An international network to foster mitigation of agricultural greenhouse gases Carbon Management, 7 (3-4), pp.243-248. [eprints.qut.edu.au/101245/]
Nguyen, Dai HuongScheer, ClemensRowlings, DavidGrace, Peter (2016) Rice husk biochar and crop residue amendment in subtropical cropping soils: Effect on biomass production, nitrogen use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions Biology and Fertility of Soils, 52 (2), pp.261-270. [eprints.qut.edu.au/91722/]
Van Delden, Lona Petra RikeRowlings, DavidScheer, ClemensGrace, Peter (2016) Urbanisation-related land use change from forest and pasture into turf grass modifies soil nitrogen cycling and increases N2O emissions Biogeosciences, 13 (21), pp.6095-6106. [eprints.qut.edu.au/108677/]
De Antoni Migliorati, Massimiliano, Parton, William, Del Grosso, Stephen, Grace, Peter, Bell, Mike, Strazzabosco, AliceRowlings, DavidScheer, Clemens, Harch, Gary (2015) Legumes or nitrification inhibitors to reduce {N2O} emissions from subtropical cereal cropping systems in Oxisols? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 213, pp.228-240. [eprints.qut.edu.au/93889/]
Barton, Louise, Wolf, Benjamin, Rowlings, DavidScheer, Clemens, Kiese, Ralf, Grace, Peter, Stefanova, Katia, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus (2015) Sampling frequency affects estimates of annual nitrous oxide fluxes Scientific Reports, 5, pp.Article number: 15912 1-9. [eprints.qut.edu.au/93891/]
De Antoni Migliorati, Max, Bell, Mike, Grace, PeterScheer, ClemensRowlings, DavidLiu, Shen (2015) Legume pastures can reduce N2O emissions intensity in subtropical cereal cropping systems Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 204, pp.27-39. [eprints.qut.edu.au/93892/]
Rowlings, DavidGrace, PeterScheer, ClemensLiu, Shen (2015) Rainfall variability drives interannual variation in N2O emissions from a humid, subtropical pasture Science of the Total Environment, 512 – 513, pp.8-18. [eprints.qut.edu.au/86434/]
Lane, MurrayDawes, LesGrace, Peter (2015) Scalar considerations in carrying capacity assessment : an Australian example Population and Environment, 36 (3), pp.356-371. [eprints.qut.edu.au/75171/]
Visser, Francois, Dargusch, Paul, Smith, Carl, Grace, Peter (2015) Application of the crop carbon progress calculator in a ‘farm to ship’ cotton production case study in Australia Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, pp.675-684. [eprints.qut.edu.au/100712/]
Basso, Bruno, Hyndman, David, Kendall, Anthony, Grace, Peter, Robertson, G. Philip (2015) Can impacts of climate change and agricultural adaptation strategies be accurately quantified if crop models are annually re-initialized? PLoS One, 10 (6), pp.Article number: e0127333 1-12. [eprints.qut.edu.au/100726/]
De Antoni Migliorati, Max, Bell, Mike, Grace, PeterRowlings, DavidScheer, ClemensStrazzabosco, Alice (2014) Assessing agronomic and environmental implications of different N fertilisation strategies in subtropical grain cropping systems on Oxisols Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 100 (3), pp.369-382. [eprints.qut.edu.au/79393/]
Nguyen, Dai HuongBiala, JohannesGrace, PeterScheer, ClemensRowlings, David (2014) Greenhouse gas emissions from sub-tropical agricultural soils after addition of organic by-products SpringerPlus, 3, pp.Article number: 491 1-14. [eprints.qut.edu.au/76464/]
Scheer, Clemens, Del Grosso, Stephen, Parton, William, Rowlings, DavidGrace, Peter (2014) Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated agriculture : testing DayCent with high-frequency measurements Ecological Applications, 24 (3), pp.528-538. [eprints.qut.edu.au/71813/]
Nguyen, Dai HuongGrace, PeterScheer, ClemensRowlings, David (2014) Determining gas sampling timelines for estimating emissions in small chamber incubation experiments IOSR Journal of Engineering, 4 (2), pp.14-16. [eprints.qut.edu.au/75044/]
Lane, MurrayDawes, LesGrace, Peter (2014) The essential parameters of a resource-based carrying capacity assessment model : an Australian case study Ecological Modelling, 272, pp.220-231. [eprints.qut.edu.au/65503/]
Visser, Francois, Dargusch, Paul, Smith, Carl, Grace, Peter (2014) A comparative analysis of relevant crop carbon footprint calculators, with reference to cotton production in Australia Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38 (8), pp.962-992. [eprints.qut.edu.au/76314/]
Palm, Cheryl, Blanco-Canqui, Humberto, DeClerck, Fabrice, Gatere, Lydiah, Grace, Peter (2014) Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187, pp.87-105. [eprints.qut.edu.au/77143/]
Scheer, ClemensRowlings, David, Firrel, Mary, Deuter, Peter, Morris, Stephen, Grace, Peter (2014) Impact of nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) on soil nitrous oxide emissions from an intensive broccoli production system in sub-tropical Australia Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 77, pp.243-251. [eprints.qut.edu.au/74669/]
De Antoni Migliorati, MassimilianoScheer, ClemensGrace, PeterRowlings, David, Bell, Mike, McGree, James (2014) Influence of different nitrogen rates and DMPP nitrification inhibitor on annual N2O emissions from a subtropical wheat–maize cropping system Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 186 (15), pp.33-43. [eprints.qut.edu.au/69775/]
Moore, Andrew, Eckard, Richard, Thorburn, Peter, Grace, Peter, Wang, Enli, Chen, Deli (2014) Mathematical modeling for improved greenhouse gas balances, agro-ecosystems, and policy development: Lessons from the Australian experience Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5 (6), pp.735-752. [eprints.qut.edu.au/88544/]
Morris, Stephen, Kimber, Stephen, Grace, Peter, Van Zwieten, Lukas (2013) Improving the statistical preparation for measuring soil N2O flux by closed chamber Science of the Total Environment, 465, pp.166-172. [eprints.qut.edu.au/62702/]
Rowlings, DavidGrace, PeterScheer, Clemens, Kiese, Ralf (2013) Influence of nitrogen fertiliser application and timing on greenhouse gas emissions from a lychee (Litchi chinensis) orchard in humid subtropical Australia Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 179, pp.168-178. [eprints.qut.edu.au/63042/]
Huang, XiaodongGrace, PeterRowlings, DavidMengersen, Kerrie (2013) A flexible Bayesian model for describing temporal variability of N2O emissions from an Australian pasture Science of the Total Environment, 454 – 455, pp.206-210. [eprints.qut.edu.au/62672/]
Huang, XiaodongGrace, PeterHu, WenbiaoRowlings, DavidMengersen, Kerrie (2013) Spatial prediction of N2O emissions in pasture : a Bayesian model averaging analysis PLoS One, 8 (6), pp.Article number: e65039 1-7. [eprints.qut.edu.au/67157/]
Conant, Richard, Berdanier, Aaron, Grace, Peter (2013) Patterns and trends in nitrogen use and nitrogen recovery efficiency in world agriculture Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 27 (2), pp.558-566. [eprints.qut.edu.au/77192/]
Van Zwieten, Lukas, Kimber, Stephen, Morris, Stephen, Singh, Bhupinderpal, Grace, PeterScheer, Clemens, Rust, Josh, Downie, Adriana, Cowie, Annette (2013) Pyrolysing poultry litter reduces N2O and CO2 fluxes Science of the Total Environment, 465, pp.279-287. [eprints.qut.edu.au/62687/]
Scheer, ClemensGrace, PeterRowlings, David, Payero, Jose (2013) Soil N2O and CO2 emissions from cotton in Australia under varying irrigation management Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 95 (1), pp.43-56. [eprints.qut.edu.au/57647/]
Cammarano, Davide, Payero, Jose, Basso, Bruno, Stefanova, Lydia, Grace, Peter (2012) Adapting wheat sowing dates to projected climate change in the Australian subtropics: analysis of crop water use and yield Crop and Pasture Science, 63 (10), pp.974-986. [eprints.qut.edu.au/56174/]
Cammarano, Davide, Payero, Jose, Basso, Bruno, Wilkens, Paul, Grace, Peter (2012) Agronomic and economic evaluation of irrigation strategies on cotton lint yield in Australia Crop and Pasture Science, 63 (7), pp.647-655. [eprints.qut.edu.au/54432/]
Basso, Bruno, Sartori, Luigi, Cammarano, Davide, Fiorentino, Costanza, Grace, Peter, Fountas, Spyros, Sorensen, Claus (2012) Environmental and economic evaluation of N fertilizer rates in a maize crop in Italy : a spatial and temporal analysis using crop models Biosystems Engineering, 113 (2), pp.103-111. [eprints.qut.edu.au/53674/]
Rowlings, DavidGrace, Peter, Kiese, Ralf, Weier, Keith (2012) Environmental factors controlling temporal and spatial variability in the soil-atmosphere exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O from an Australian subtropical rainforest Global Change Biology, 18 (2), pp.726-738. [eprints.qut.edu.au/51433/]
Basso, Bruno, De Simone, L., Cammarano, Davide, Martin, Edward, Margiotta, S., Grace, Peter, Yeh, M.L., Chou, T.Y. (2012) Evaluating responses to land degradation mitigation measuresin Southern Italy International Journal of Environmental Research, 6 (2), pp.367-380. [eprints.qut.edu.au/51383/]
Lin, ChaofengLarsen, EloiseGrace, PeterSmith, James (2012) Microcosm study of ion mobilization and greenhouse gas evolution in soils of a plantation-forested subtropical coastal catchment Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 223 (7), pp.4459-4469. [eprints.qut.edu.au/50980/]
Scheer, ClemensGrace, PeterRowlings, David, Payero, Jose (2012) Nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated wheat in Australia : impact of irrigation management Plant and Soil, 259 (1-2), pp.351-362. [eprints.qut.edu.au/57648/]
Huang, XiaodongGrace, PeterWeier, KeithMengersen, Kerrie (2012) Nitrous oxide emissions from subtropical horticultural soils : A time series analysis Soil Research, 50 (7), pp.596-606. [eprints.qut.edu.au/55374/]
Grace, PeterBasso, Bruno (2012) Offsetting greenhouse gas emissions through biological carbon sequestration in North Eastern Australia Agricultural Systems, 105 (1), pp.1-6. [eprints.qut.edu.au/51435/]
Grace, Peter, Antle, John, Aggarwal, Pramod, Ogle, Stephen, Paustian, Keith, Basso, Bruno (2012) Soil carbon sequestration and associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain : a meta-analysis Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 146 (1), pp.137-146. [eprints.qut.edu.au/51434/]
Miller, EvonneSahama, TonyGrace, PeterWilson, Clevo, Hefferan, Mike (2011) Motivations, expectations and experiences of Australian rural and regional planners Australian Planner, 48 (4), pp.305-312. [eprints.qut.edu.au/46929/]
Grace, Peter, Robertson, G, Millar, Neville, Colunga-Garcia, Manuel, Basso, BrunoGage, Stuart, Hoben, John (2011) The contribution of maize cropping in the Midwest USA to global warming: A regional estimate Agricultural Systems, 104 (3), pp.292-296. [eprints.qut.edu.au/43037/]
Basso, Bruno, Sartori, Luigi, Bertocco, Matteo, Cammarano, Davide, Martin, Edward, Grace, Peter (2011) Economic and environmental evaluation of site-specific tillage in a maize crop in NE Italy European Journal of Agronomy, 35 (2), pp.83-92. [eprints.qut.edu.au/52062/]
Scheer, ClemensGrace, PeterRowlings, David, Kimber, Stephen, Van Zwieten, Lukas (2011) Effect of biochar amendment on the soil-atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases from an intensive subtropical pasture in northern New South Wales, Australia Plant and Soil, 345 (1 – 2), pp.47-58. [eprints.qut.edu.au/42094/]
van Wesemael, Bas, Paustian, Keith, Andren, Olaf, Cerri, Carlos Eduardo P., Dodd, Mike, Etchevers, Jorge, Goidts, Esther, Grace, Peter, Katterer, Thomas, McConkey, Brian, et al. (2011) How can soil monitoring networks be used to improve predictions of organic carbon pool dynamics and CO2 fluxes in agricultural soils? Plant and Soil, 338 (1-2), pp.247-259. [eprints.qut.edu.au/42726/]
Hoben, John, Gehl, Ron, Millar, Neville, Grace, Peter, Robertson, G (2011) Nonlinear nitrous oxide (N2O) response to nitrogen fertilizer in on-farm corn crops of the US Midwest Global Change Biology, 17 (2), pp.1140-1152. [eprints.qut.edu.au/43159/]
Lin, ChaofengLarsen, EloiseGrace, PeterSmith, James (2011) Occurrence of iron and associated bacterial populations in soils of a forested subtropical coastal catchment European Journal of Soil Biology, 47 (5), pp.322-332. [eprints.qut.edu.au/44128/]
Cammarano, Davide, Fitzgerald, Glenn, Basso, Bruno, Chen, Deli, Grace, Peter, O’Leary, Garry (2011) Remote estimation of chlorophyll on two wheat cultivars in two rainfed environments Crop and Pasture Science, 62 (4), pp.269-275. [eprints.qut.edu.au/52465/]
Huang, XiaodongGrace, PeterMengersen, KerrieWeier, Keith (2011) Spatio-temporal variation in soil derived nitrous oxide emissions under sugarcane Science of the Total Environment, 409 (21), pp.4572-4578. [eprints.qut.edu.au/52280/]
Cammarano, Davide, Fitzgerald, Glenn, Basso, Bruno, O’Leary, Garry, Chen, Deli, Grace, Peter, Fiorentino, Costanza (2011) Use of the Canopy Chlorophyl Content Index (CCCI) for remote estimation of wheat nitrogen content in rainfed environments Agronomy Journal, 103 (6), pp.1597-1603. [eprints.qut.edu.au/52578/]
Athukorala, PpaSri Navarathne Sakalashilpathi, PrasadWilson, ClevoMiller, EvonneSahama, TonyGrace, Peter, Hefferan, Mike, Dissanayake, PremawansaManawadu, Oshan (2010) Forecasting population changes and service requirements in the regions: A study of two regional councils in Queensland, Australia Economic Analysis and Policy, 40 (3), pp.327-349. [eprints.qut.edu.au/42730/]
McSwiney, Claire, Bohn, Sven, Grace, Peter, Robertson, G (2010) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculator for Grain and Biofuel Farming Systems Journal of Productivity Analysis, 39, pp.125-131. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37650/]
Millar, Neville, Robertson, G., Grace, Peter, Gehl, Ron, Hoben, John (2010) Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 15 (2), pp.185-204. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37660/]
Grace, Peter, Antle, John, Ogle, Stephen, Paustian, Keith, Basso, Bruno (2010) Soil carbon sequestration rates and associated economic costs for farming systems of south-eastern Australia Australian Journal of Soil Research, 48 (8), pp.720-729. [eprints.qut.edu.au/43301/]
Chen, Deli, Li, Yong, Grace, Peter, Mosier, Arvin (2008) N2O emissions from agricultural lands: a synthesis of simulation approaches Plant and Soil, 309 (1-2), pp.169-189. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37659/]
Safir, Gene, Gage, Stuart, Colunga-Garcia, Manuel, Grace, Peter, Rowshan, Shapoor (2008) Simulation of corn yields in the Upper Great Lakes Region of the US using a modeling framework Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 60 (2), pp.301-305. [eprints.qut.edu.au/30875/]
Grace, Peter, Post, Wilfred, Hennessy, Kevin (2006) The potential impact of climate change on Australia’s soil organic carbon resources Carbon Balance and Management, 1 (1), pp.1-10. [eprints.qut.edu.au/11976/]
Grace, Peter, Colunga-Garcia, Manuel, Gage, Stuart, Robertson, G, Safir, Gene (2006) The Potential Impact of Agricultural Management and Climate Change on Soil Organic Carbon of the North Central Region of the United States Ecosystems, 9 (5), pp.816-827. [eprints.qut.edu.au/23153/]
Grace, Peter, Ladd, Jeffrey, Robertson, G, Gage, Stuart (2006) SOCRATES-A Simple Model For Predicting Long-Term Changes In Soil Organic Carbon In Terrestrial Ecosystems Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38 (5), pp.1172-1176. [eprints.qut.edu.au/22052/]
Galbally, I, Meyer, M, Bently, S, Weeks, I, Leuning, R, Kelly, Kevin, Phillips, F, Barker-Reid, F, Gates, William, Baigent, R, et al. (2005) A study of environmental and management drivers of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in Australian agro-ecosystems Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 2 (2-3), pp.133-142. [eprints.qut.edu.au/48440/]
Robertson, G, Grace, Peter (2004) Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Tropical and Temperae Agriculture: The Need for a Full-Cost Accounting of Global Warming Potentials Environment, Development and Sustainability, 6 (1-2), pp.51-63. [eprints.qut.edu.au/37651/]